Bmw Management

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT T satisfactory of table of contents 1. Introduction3 2. Discussion4 3. BMW atomic number 18a of mitigatement6 4. BMW Solutions7 5. Recomm finisations9 6. culture11 References13 1. Introduction exercises commission is a physical process whither establishment direction and control of the processes transforms inputs into finished equitables and work. It is alike the way agreement do produce goods and their serve. Its a process of transforming and oversetting set of resources that is inputs in to dishs and goods which is output. surgical procedures Functions of B. M. W comprises of a signifi back endt number of employees and their physical assets in discordant organizations (Mondy & Premeaux, 1992). Its besides determins the equipments which atomic number 18 wasting diseased and just about information should go in an surgical process arranging and also how this equipments bottom be able to mart the place. carriages they be the one who atomic number 18 sibylline to be prudent on their activities much(prenominal) as feature solicitude and control in their descent. The Importance of operation pee-pee increased in recent years.Managers they do play a big role in satisfying their customers destinys and venture their stock to be firm and strong. Inputs recourses dexterity be raw materials or information or customers. Some examples of inputs in the B. M. W bon ton which include-customers this is a process where you atomic number 18 problematical in affect your ticket and baggage. Raw Materials this is where umteen plastics increase they are melted and they do form a mold. Information a component do gather roughly information to clients and assist in ontogeny in financial plans.Output its a product or work require by customers and its broadest sense of the word. Over figure functions they involves a lot of incompatible disciplines. Productions do piddle service which trading operations have (U. S De partments of program line set of statement Sciences, 2009). Discussion Operation wariness is the way products and goods and services are concerned with organizing the process of getting thing which are been do. The operation is also used for transforming process and converting a set of resources into services and goods. trading operations managements functions of the B.M. W involve different disciplines, output and services. Operation management functions do have a central role in well-nigh firms. The functions which are defined to select this determine which product or services pull up stakes be produced and by which process (Mondy & Premeaux, 1992). traffic patterning in the B. M. W sector involve creation method, whereby the operation involves actual process and meeting of schedules and also do certify production and standards. trading operations functions here motorcoach is supposed to be am modify for the success of the products units.This person need fellowship which is base in technology of products which are been processed . In customers participation it leads to storage ,transporting and stocking, and at the same prison term customer supplies with many of the products. Using customers as labor, enables them to do self service and this require customers to physically and mentally able to help themselves (Mondy & Premeaux, 1992). Retaining an existing customer at the B. M. W social club is much cheaper costs of winning new customers. The excogitation of a poorly product or service can fail to market needfully and expectations.Its more important to receive products are headspring delivered and processed and closely linked. The designer must work together with the product so that he or she can realise it to me more roaring introduction of a new product or services. Products they are get wind through materials, equipments and concourse, People they do know what can be done so as to drub problems (Chase & Jacobs et al, 2001). The expert bore its not crush but its determined by the cost of the products and the skillful characteristics and the requirements. fablers should procedure the best products in the discipline numbers and if they are produced in excess of the demands the capital will pooh-pooh the inventory but if the look is in short of demand its leads to shortage of products. The advantages of operation management in transmission line shop production, the operator will become more proficient and its will compete other jobs and its will give the other business the opportunities. The Opportunities of B. M. W exists to create methods and premises some ideas. Batch productions its defined by American Production and Inventory Control Society.The characterizes includes, whenever on that point is shorter productions to run the business, when machines and sic are flexible, when the manufacturer lead clip and the cost at lower as compared to job order productions. The reinforcements of Batch pr oduction are when there is better utilization of plants the cot per item is lower as compared to job orders production (Mondy & Premeaux, 1992). Objectives of the operation management of the B. M. W Company should discipline its products are macrocosm produced at more clear and attractive services of right eccentric and quantity at the right time and at right manufacturing costs.The products are supposed to be of right quality and the right quantity. The quality is established based upon the customers and their needs Mondy & Premeaux (1992), the theater director defines objectives for the operations of the organization and its polices, The operation motorbus provide the role and the flow of information within the operations . They determine activities which are required so as to achieve the goals and sequester them responsibility for carrying them out. Operation omnibus must exercise to control by measuring outputs and comparing their plans in managements.Managers they are th e one who are supposed to be concerned with how efforts to plan, organize and to control the behavior of human (Ames, 1995). Manager plan, organize and control the conversation process within the organization. Operation management is concern with achieving of both satisfactory customers and services, the B. M. W fellowship should be tacked with these deuce objectives in theme, and many of the problems will favor the operations manager this is because of the conflicts then operations manager must attempt to the balanced their basics objectives (Mondy & Premeaux, 1992).BMW puree OF IMPROVEMENT (SUPPLY CHAIN AND CUSTOMER RELATIONS) The services operations at the B. M. W Company are not immune to some problems associated in making services of operations to meet its objectives (Mondy & Premeaux, 1992, pg 3). The designing of the something do limits for existing equipments, capacitance and facilities, the product upgrades with the new features do have some significant do on the ope rations. With the fixed of the process is highly repeatable and the process can be easily be monitored and varied.The importance of the aspect of the designed concentrates on utilizing and qualification in addressing the demands valuables and the customer participations. King the customer out do the processes whether its possible and adopt the industrial process which is designed the processes which are not involving the customers. Mondy & Premeaux (1992), the production/operations management this is the process in which combines and transforms various resources which are being used in productions. Its the part of organization which its been concerned with the transformation or the range of some inputs into the required field.Operations management strategies at the B. M. W Company is to remedy the strength and effective of transportation through low cost and management to improve and to program (Megginsion, 1992, pg8). To associates with problems and their limits of current proce ss techniques. instruction is a process whereby an internal business functions take place and manager is some who is responsible for people and project together. The two topics includes the general managers job this is where manager take his or her ole in leading and managing an enterprise and to be responsible on the company the other one role to determine the long run of all enterprises. The most important role of a manager is to rule the business this is where business need different ways of cerebration and way of acting in the business (U. S Departments of program line Institute of Education Sciences, 2009). What makes a manager to organize and also manage his or her he should be competent and he is organized in his duties. thither are travel demands, these are transporting system management and intelligent transporting systems which improves strategies that do improve mobility.Management quality can certify and help Manufacture Company and put systems and control to en cur rent few and more fat business (Megginsion, 1992, pg12). The company that do approach the certification at the end its the one whose succeed effective quality management system its standard of quality (Megginsion, 1992). The standards involve overtime which reelects aspects of the indus take heed. When businesses gets standards quality that when it becomes certified and these hand over the customers that its well practiced and the product they are of high qualities (Mondy & Premeaux, 1992). BMW Solutions occupation which certifies doesnt always go on by certification practices which are need to increase their quality. The short-term thinking leads a business in some problem . One particular do challenge the quality management. The old standby quality approach they are hexad sigma and they qualify your organization culture to drive strategy and business transformation. This deserves much intensity level to all other initiatives that can operate in big companies. The strategical half a dozen sigma principles and practices which can help companies they include. This is formulating and new existing business strategies.They also deal with changing and they increase complex of customer requirements, they also assuage merge and acquisitions. The growing of number of companies beginning to realize the implications caused by six sigmas especially engine to accelerate corporate strategies and organizations (U. S Departments of Education Institute of Education Sciences, 2009). The BMW ought to entail below solutions to cub their problems To help the companys top leadership team by implement six sigma and developing a committed team of leader to support. Thinking and practicing into some strategies and planning. Establishing connections with customer and their large market place where the companies do operates. Ensures leaders view the companies not as a set of isolated functions or independent. To develops measures and demands which are tangible results from people in their works. To be committed in fulltime to the business, aspects of grogram to ensure that work is progressing toward achieving goals and objectives. Megginsion (1992), the BMW company should avoid to introduce new work processing and product without have relied with your customers through design and development processes. RecommendationsBy choosing some issues good manager should know that he can able to ingest some talents within his organization and he do choose those which have the greatest and which are long term and those one which can make his talents to be more productive. Under ordinary time he will have three or four major objectives during any wizard period of time. Megginsion (1992). Management is one role that is fast of growing the aegis market while continuing security to enable to increase anxiety to identify issues. All managers they perform some same basics functions to make sure the business runs well.Manager is supposed to strive hard to reach al objectives in an organization. As a manager its good to make use of your time and the functions of managements are to control in making way to ensure all plans are being achieved well. As a manager you are responsible to ensure thing of yourself they are path well and they are all correct and measure are being taken (Chase, 2004). Person whose proficiency has applied the competency repeatedly and successfully in their performances of his or her jobs but has much to the advance (Megginsion, 1992). Aspects and behaivior which is associated with the B.M. W Company and operation managements. Person with high level can have knowledge and experience with competency and can apply well on job with any assistance. In this stage one is expert and has experience many careers in his or her own work. To share list of keys people organizes and resources so as to help solving Problems College to have trained or wise man you on how to effectively schedule this skill will lead to the best learned from job which is trained. In informal interview, the manager is involved in with scheduling and attending of meetings with him if its possible.To have relations with your customers in your business you can be able to understand their needs and their concerns. Making you available its will direct you to contact with your clients. To rotate your job and assignments of various employees so that you many know how your employee interacts with their customers. As a manager you should be inquire assignment in workforce planning. Its good to spend time observing your work operation so that you may know processes and problems that needs to be solved.As a manager its good to have a meeting with your employees so that you can be able to solve tasks with schedules. To make work to be organized and activities to run smoothly and ability manager is supposed to be responsible (Chase & Jacobs et al, 2001). Whenever manager of the B. M. W Company move to many places, he develop a network for som e information in many different departments. He do musical accompaniments the sources and keep them open no matter how high they will be. Skillful manager usually leave members of his organization so that they can judge them and conciliate which level to inform him.Managers are supposed to respond immediately with a reasonable in various problems and how to overcome them. Another skill is to go along time and energy for various issues. For keeping someone informed. About a wide range operation and decisions which are been made in different steps in a company (Chase & Jacobs et al, 2001). The importance of operation management in the B. M. W Company has highly increased the function to enable to increase and improve productivity while providing a broader high quality of the products. The benefits of establishing the standards includes decision making.Its also requiring thinking outside the organization and use of new technologies and also resolving of the provided mechanisms. A cu stomer is an individual or a group and he can be the process in the organization, this is by providing of some law materials. In Operation management expectations includes cost, time and legal transfer, the enviroment, level of services, and the quality of the product or services (Mondy & Premeaux, 1992). In designing of the products can fail to meet the market expectations in the market. Organization functions they entails sum to setting of the department structures.To compare productions and the services in an operations most services have elements which are based operations integrated with service delivery. The situations which are faced by a service operation manager may be less significant and less encountered by the production and manufacturing manager. The depth of planing and preparation which enable products to be consumed, Customers they see only the delivery of the products and services they are given and some customers may not mind the time that they will take to hand le. Some customers will not wait and wait for the responds.The difficulties in stocking a service they include the capacity slothful if not in use. The isolation of the customers is less for services than for goods and when personal services if offered the customers they are more involved. Customers immediate are more less such that the systems are more sensitive and more personal to control (Mondy & Premeaux, 1992). Conclusion If the managers do operations of business or organization smoothly and in right order, he will get the benefits in the organization. But if they do not cooperate with his organization well, it will have fewer benefits.In my view point, it will have conclusion on how I can believe my experiences of the operations managements and its could be one of my benefits. Also for the B. M. W business to run well its should have some inputs and outputs and to make an organization to be successful its supposed to have objectives of operations managements of how is speed when doing your work and cost of your varieties and goods (Mondy & Premeaux, 1992). The quality of your goods matters a lot in your organization and your goods its good to have better qualities so as to attract more of your customers in your organizations.For a manager is required he or she to be focused in his daily duties and also he should be capable to make the organization to be organized and its been operating well (Ames, 1995). In a company foundation it is also more important that is when business have a good vex its can enable it to learn well. Manager is responsible to make sure every department its learning well and everybody is well located in his or her own departments. The operations function of B. M. W is responsible in producing the services of goods and managing the supply that would provide the incoming resources.Manager is required to innovate and ensure successful of new products in the market (Ames, 1995). It is the responsibility of the management concerning O perations management strategies at the B. M. W Company to improve the efficiency and effective of transportation through low cost and management to improve its productivity and to program its services world wide. Lastly, the B. M. W Company should try and incorporate the use of internet and e-commerce to market its products to the customers (Chase, 2004). References Ames M. Wilson. (1995).An historical perspective on Operations Management, Production and Inventory Management Journal Chase F. (2004). Operations managements for competitive advantage Inventory management Journal Chase, F. & Jacobs, N et al. (2001). Operations Management for Competitive Advantage in the raw York, HarperCollins Megginsion, L. (1992). Management 4th chance variable Concepts and Applications New York, HarperCollins Mondy, R Wayne & Premeaux,Shane R. (1992). Management Concepts, Practices and Skills Seveth Edition. Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall U. S Departments of Education Institute of Education Science s. 2009). Clarifications of Instructional programs (CIP). US, California University Clark, G. and Johnston, R. (2005) BMW, Service Operations Management Improving Service Delivery, Harlow Pearson Education. Ohno, T. (1995) Toyota Production System Beyond Large-scale Production, New York Productivity Press. Slack, N. , Chambers, S. and Johnston, R. (2004) BMW, Operations Management (4th Edition), Harlow Pearson Education. Chase, R. , Jacobs, R. and Aquilano, N. (2005) Operations Management for Competitive Advantage (11th Edition) New York McGraw-Hill. Ackerman, K. B. 1997, Practical Handbook of Warehousing, 4th Ed. , Chapman & Hall. (ISBN 0412125110). Ballou, R. H. , 1998, worry Logistics Management Planning, Organizing, and autocratic the Supply Chain, 4th Ed. , Prentice Hall, (ISBN 0137956592). Blanchard, B. S. , 1998, BMW, Logistics Engineering and Management, fifth Ed. , Prentice Hall, (ISBN 0139053166). Bowersox, D. J. and D. J. Closs, 1996, logistical Management The Integrat ed Supply Chain Process, McGraw Hill, (ISBN 0070068836). Christopher, M. and H. Peck, 1997, Marketing Logistics, Butterworth-Heinemann, (ISBN 0750622091).Council of Logistics Management (CLM), 1998 Bibliography of Logistics fostering Aids, prepared by R. L. Cook (Central Michigan University), CLM, 2805 Butterfield Rd. , Suite 200, Oak Brook, IL 60523. Copacino, W. C. , 1997, BMW, Supply Chain Management The Basics and Beyond, The St. Lucie Press/Apics Series on Resource Management. Coyle, J. J. and E. J. Bardi, 1998, Transportation, South-western hemisphereern Pub. , (ISBN 0538881801). Coyle, J. J. , E. J. Bardi, and C. J. Langley, 1996, The Management of Business Logistics, 6th Ed. , West/Wadsworth, (ISBN 0314065075). Coyle, J. J. , E. J.Bardi, and R. A. 1994,Novack, Transportation, 4th Ed. ,West/Wadsworth (ISBN 0314028536). Glaskowsky, N. A. , D. R. Hudson, and R. M. Ivie, 1992, Business Logistics, 3rd Ed. , Wadsworth Pub, (ISBN 0534510353). Handfield, R. B. and E. Z. Nichols, 19 98, Introduction to Supply Chain Management, Prentice Hall, (ISBN 0136216161). Kasilingam, 1999, R. G. , Logistics and Transportation Design and Planning, Kluwer Academic Pub. , (ISBN 0412802902). Lambert, D. M. , J. R. Stock, L. M. Ellram, and J. Stockdale, 1997, Fundamentals of Logistics Management, McGraw Hill, (ISBN 0256141177).Langford, J. W. , 1994, Logistics Principles and Applications, McGraw Hill, (ISBN 007036415X). Leenders, M. R. , Purchasing and Materials Management, 10th Ed. , McGraw Hill, 1992 (ISBN 0256103348). Nerseian, R. L. and G. B. Swartz, 1996, Computer Simulation in Logistics, Quorum Books, (ISBN 0899309852). Orsburn, D. K. , 1991, BMW, Spares Management Handbook, Tab Books, (ISBN 0830676260). Patton, J. D. , 1986, Logistics Technology and Management The New Approach- A ecumenical Handbook for Commerce, Industry, Government, Solomon Press, (ISBN 0934623023).Pooler, V. H. and D. Pooler, 1997, Purchasing and Supply Management Creating the Vision, Chapman & Hall, (ISBN 0412106019). Robeson, J. F. (Preface) and W. C. Copacino (Editor), 1994, The Logistics Handbook, Free Press, (ISBN 0029265959). Kidd, P. T. and W. Karwowski (Editors), 1995, Advances in prompt Manufacturing Integrating Technology, Organization and People, IOS Press, (ISBN 9051991762). McMahon, C. and J. Browne, 1998, CADCAM , Principles, Practice and Manufacturing Management, 2nd Ed. , Addison-Wesley, (ISBN 0201178192). Ross, P. J. 1995, Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engineering liberation Function, Orthogonal Experiments, Parameter and Tolerance Design, 2nd Ed. , McGraw Hill, (ISBN 0070539588). Tompkins, J. A. , Y. A. Bozer, E. Frazelle, J. Tanchoco, and J. White, 1996, Facilities Planning, 2nd Ed. , John Wiley & Sons, (ISBN 0471002526). Eppen, G. D. , 1998, opening Management Science, Prentice Hall, (ISBN 0536012024). Evans, J. R. , 1996, Production/Operations Management Quality, Performance, and Value, 5th Ed. , West/Wadsworth, (ISBN 0314062475). Hillier, F. S. and G. J. Lieberman, 1995, Introduction to Operations Research, 6th Ed. McGraw Hill, (ISBN 0078414474). Krajewski, L. J. and L. P. Ritzman, Operations Management Strategy and digest, 5th Ed. , Addison-Wesley, 1998 (ISBN 0201331187). Taha, H. A. , 1996, BMW, Operations Research An Introduction, 6th Ed. , Prentice Hall, (ISBN 0132729156). Canada, J. R. , W. G. Sullivan, and J. A. White, 1996, Capital Investment Analysis for Engineering and Management, 2nd Ed. , Prentice Hall, (ISBN 0133110362). Fabrycky, W. J. and B. S. Blanchard, 1991, Life-Cycle embody and economic Analysis, Prentice Hall, (ISBN 0135383234).Fabrycky, W. J. , G. J. Thuesen, and D. Verma, 1997, Economic Decision Analysis, Prentice Hall, (ISBN 0133702499). Grant, E. L. , W. G. Ireson, and R. S. Leavenworth, 1990, Principles of Engineering Economy, eighth Ed. , John Wiley & Sons, (ISBN 047163526X). Ostwald, P. F. , 1992, BMW, Engineering Cost Estimating, 3rd Ed. , Prentice Hall, (ISBN 0132766272). Stewart, R. D. , 1991, Cos t Estimating, 2nd Ed. , John Wiley & Sons, (ISBN 0471857076). Thuesen G. J. and W. J. Fabrycky, 1993, BMW, Engineering Economy, 8th Ed. , Prentice Hall, (ISBN 0132799286).

Palm patent infringment issue Essay

This memo is to recommend that ttools should stop negotiations with manage and slang immediate legal act through patent judicial proceeding means. This motion is needed in order to protect ttools innovation and for survivability of ttools business. establish on the design patent and non-disclosure transcription with wield it is very clear that Palm has committed the negatement hence chances of ttools winning of litigation case argon senior high. There are high chances that Palm might consider to go under the litigation before going to the trial of the case as they knew that they reach committed the patent infringement. Even if Palm goes for the trial, chances of ttools winning are high because they clearly have sufficient prove that the patent violation had happened. at a time the litigation action initiated there is a good chance Palm might start negotiation with ttools for licensing or royalty sharing agreement if non for paying the infringement losses.Though costs of pursuing litigation case are high, its the only credible and plausible resource ttools has to win investors confidence to invest more money into ttools business. As a startup comp all(prenominal) with minimal capital, the risk involved around this project to incur huge legal costs is high. Ttools has very well compose utility patent issued, the nondisclosure agreement signed by Palm, in concomitant to the clear infringement of the patent are strong factors to file litigation charges. Ttools need to convince its our investors that their patent is a strong plus for the company and shall seek their help to invest in the litigation expenses. feeling at the other alternatives, its evident that they will not sire any positive outcomesince ttools does not have any negotiate power to negotiate or the resources to compete with Palm. Innovation and dexterous belongings rights are ttools are the strengths of ttools and it should focus on leveraging its strengths to compete with Palm .Based on the recent communications with Palm, it is clear that they are not fire in negotiating with ttools despite the fact that they have reminded them closely infringement. Palm is already in a contract with IDEO to design a stylus identical to ttools which means that Palm will cease to publish any ads about ttools products from their online newsletter. Negotiating or competing without taking any action to stop infringement of its intellectual property would not enable ttools to leverage its core organizational strengths in competing with Palm. In its current state ads through the online newsletter is the most laborsaving marketplaceing tool for ttools to reach out to the PDA owners. If Palm cabbage publishing ads which is highly likely action from Palms lieu in order to promote their own product ttools need to evolve their own marketing capabilities.Even if they start their marketing campaign, ttools might not be able to compete Palm in terms of resources and market reac h. The other alternative of ceasing negotiation and competing with Palm might not be very effective because of the fact that we do not have the capabilities to localize a solid ground for such competition. Even if ttools start competing ground on its superior pricing and material quality, Palm could easily rack up its pricing and material quality as long as they could infringe ttools product design. If ttools does not file litigation charges, Palm has not cause reason to negotiate with ttools for distribution agreement or continue to reenforcement online ads for ttools products. Filing litigation charges gives ttools the bargaining power it needs to strike any deal or do any negotiation with Palm, without these legal action Palm has no reason to negotiate and ttools didnt have any strength to compete.

Factors Affecting Nigerias Underdevelopment Essay

According to an economist the idea of using is a situation whereby in that respect is an increase in a nations GNP and GDP, trail to an increase in growth . only to a sociologist this is a surface definition as development or rather a farming is regarded as developed when much(prenominal) increase is affecting the living condition of its people even to the sm in allest congregation in the society. Where we dont only calcu deep numbers and figures and structures but can see the positive change of things in the life of the people, two the rich, average and poor. Then such a society would be regarded as developed. For example the living conditions of the USA.Nigeria the roughly populated country in Africa make full with its endowed intrinsic resources, and according to the united nations statistics Nigeria is the 8th most inhabited county in the world with a population of 2.3% (UN 2011).but the country excuse suffers the descent of underdevelopment due(p) to certain avoid able factors that stand as unavoidable. What in truth is underdevelopment? W.A Lewis 1963 says that a country may be underdeveloped in the sense that its engineering is backward when comp bed with that of other countries or in the sense that its institutions are comparatively unfavorable to investment, or in the sense that capital resources per head are low when compared with western Europe or in the sense that railroad siding per head is low or in the sense that it has valuable natural resources that has not yet begun use (extracted by opafola 1996).Agreeing to what Lewis has said so healthful underdevelopment can be explored from other dimension which in a counseling he seemed to have ignored, it is a situation whereby the quality of life of the bulk of its people is low. The causes or factors of Nigerias underdevelopment can be divided into 2 which are both external and internal. External includes sla really, colonialism, neo- colonialism and the worldwide recession (Rodney 1 972), with which in my opinion is a fact for our underdevelopment the foundation. Also the internal factors include bribery and degeneracy, poor leadership, bad patriotism from citizens etc. which actually is avoidable.FACTORS AFFECTING NIGERIAS UNDERDEVELOPMENT1. Bribery and CorruptionThis is the greatest factor that has lay Nigeria where it is today, the tell apart of corruption this is an internal factor. According to the Longman dictionary of contemporary English overbold mutation corruption is define as dishonest, illegal or immoral behavior, oddly from someone with actor. In Africa as a whole query has seen it that most African leaders are corrupt in nature, leading to their deceleration in development of their economy. Taking a cue from the late Attah Williams of gold coast, he executed all the corrupt leaders in Ghana for the stability of the country, and from recent news Ghana has taking a new turn in its development process (silver bird news twenty-third august 2 012). The issue of corruption is Nigerias biggest challenge that is eating into our economic growth leading to money laundering and looting of public silver meant for the improving living condition of citizens.Corruption now is found in every facets of the Nigerian system especially the political aspect has leaders steal for selfish gain. The transparency international corruption index 2011 stratified Nigeria 143th of 183 counties in the world that is developed, also on the scale of 10 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) Nigeria scored 2.4%, between 2010 and 2011 Nigerias position declined from 9 places scoring 2.4% from a realizable 10 showing the greatest sign that efforts at correcting corruption had been very inadequate in the last year (business day, Wednesday September 6 2011).This shows the summit meeting of corruption in our country, taking the story of the former tellor crowd ibori of delta state who was jailed for 16 years for money laundering in April 2012 by the A merican judiciary after being discharged by a Nigerian court due to bribe for a reference he was still found guilty. Nigerias business is this menace and until at that place is a stop to it I wonder where we are heading to. 2.Neo-colonialism or imperialismThis is an external factor of Nigerias underdevelopment it is the highest form of exploitation from the British countries to their colonies after independence. Nigeria has contributed to its economic backwardness, as it promotes the maintenance of foreign domination and enhances neo-colonialism and the flowering of subjugationism (onimode, 1981). Imperialism has unendingly been an exploitative phenomenon, which was the initial motive for colonization. Nigeria has been seen as a dumping dirt for most British counties, making it difficult for us to produce our receive goods.Also the fact that we are primary producers with fewer technicalities to produce our vulgar materials into finished products makes it a means of imperialis m as we export our goods at the calculate determined by the British colonies and still import back at a higher cost. For example the crude cover, Nigeria is the largest country with the crude oil but the poorest in economic state due lack of puniness in transforming crude oil into petrol which led to the issue of sucidy remotion in January 1st 2012, even after which things havent changed as fuel scarcity hits most part of the country e.g. Abuja, Lagos etc. as at 19th September 2012.3.Poor leadershipAccording to john c. maxwell leadership is about catch and niyi adesonya sees it as not effective influence but also inspiration. The idea of Nigerias leadership is just based on selfish gain of eating the national stripe and leaving the main aim of governance. Research has seen it that Africa is one continent whereby its leaders are older than the country itself and Nigeria is not left out, as most of our past leaders are much older than the country itself. The issue of poor leader ship is also a impart factor whereby due to corruption leaders make laws to favour their actions, as each meter a ruler comes in seat we keep on amending the governance to suite political parties, politicians make empty promise during election campaigns when put office little or nothing is done in such community and citizens keep suffering in squalor and begin to govern themselves providing the necessities for their comfort.Due to poor leadership the recent issue of flood all over most riverine area would have occurred, this is because a developed country would have been prepared to channel the water released from the Cameroonian dam into another dam. But since Nigerian political elites spend time on unnecessary things the likes of the introduction of the 5000 naira note, citizens are homeless. Poor leadership is a contributing factor of Nigerias underdevelopment, as the main issues are not critically tacked to solve other things.It has led to flamboyant spending of public funds whereby an average senator in the house of representative is paid unnecessary bills like the seating allowance, wardrobe allowance etc. aside the salary they earn, why wont people kill to seat on political power? Nigeria is one country whereby the president earns more than the president of get together asserts. As they continue to buy properties that they dont need quite of investing in profitable business.4.Bad patriotismThis is also a make factor for our underdevelopment from in my opinion, it is obvious that most Nigerians are aware of our backwardness and they dont try to help matters instead they add to the problem itself. By disobeying or making difficult certain rules meant to help the country, this is because they remember it is another lie to eat from us. From the AIT news in August Hilary Clintons last visit to Nigeria in 2012, she told the president to have the will power of taking certain stringent rules and standing firm for example the handiwork of governor Fash ola of Lagos state is termed credible as Lagos with its massive population is actually adjusting to change. This is because even as unpatriotic most Lagosians are governor Fashola still took a stand, Nigerias problem is also citizen built as persons no what is right and refuse doing it for no reason.REFERENCESWalter Rodney (1972) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa Dar-Es Salaam. Tanzania Publishing House. Lewis W.A (1963) The guess of Economic Growth London George Allen and Unwin Ltd. S.O. Opafola (1996) The Journal of Philosophy and Development Vol.2, Ogun State University Hope Publications. Onimode, B (1981) Imperialism and Nigerian Development In O. Nnoli Edition. Longman Dictionary of contemporary English New Edition.Business Day Newspaper Wednesday September 6 (2011), Nigeria and Corruption Index United Nation Statistics 2011.AIT News august 2012.

Life Insurance

.. TABLE OF CONTENTS STRATEGIC MARKETING PLAN DEFINES gross revenue SUCCESS IN TWO LEADING LIFE INSURANCE go with Target companies AVIVA Life insurance Pvt Ltd. 1 Executive summary The inquiry is to be conduct how apiece beau monde has performed in gross revenue and the improve force of selling process. look objectives and aims are to compare the performance of the AVIVA and HDFCSLI. As this inquiry airfielding based on the Indian market, the research is proceeding in Bangalore, which is one of the main city in India.Research mythology is proceeding under collecting selective information of the current status of the both company and from the community to know the score awareness and the purchasing behaviour when buying sprightliness insurance policies. THE BACKGROUND OF THE INDUSTRY Companies rating earth-closet be de terminal figureine as follows- A++,A+ are superior companies. A or A- steady-going companies B. is growing company C- means position is not good. D i s below the standard (minimum). E rate is company is taking the help from the c alone down to run the business. LITERATURE VIEWSales management and customer happiness Influence of advertize on Sales This is a very weighty fact in life insurance exertion as, their most of sales advertising by the salespersons. Draw back of a company can be happen due to the lack of communication and the problems in communication with the consumers. Influence of Sales publicitys on sales Sales promotions has taken an change magnitude share of the marketing budget, at the expense of advertising,beca hold promotion can happen upon a measurable increase in short term sales , which advertising cannot.There is a tension between the short term effects of promotion and the long term effects of advertising. This results in muddiness in marketing community. How ever, there is a desirable effect on sales market from promotions. The main intention to promote sales is to curl up the customers attention. Doing promotions in life insurance industry is can be interest To extend the user base To reward and retaining existing customers To introduce drop behind of new product and by cashing and on the represent brand To tax return competitors offerTo clear inventory To enhance brand value To survive under the high pressure of competition, companies tend to do more and more creativity on their sales promotions by adding promotion tools. Promotions tools which can be use in life insurance industry are, Games and contests Lucky draw Gifts Attractive offers for the policies RESEACH PROBLEM *STUDY AIMS AND OBJECTIVES* To analyze the emf of Life Insurance in Investment Industry. To get the better dread of unhomogeneous Life Insurance Product. To compare the performance of the AVIVA and HDFCTo evaluate various need of customers for Life Insurance and their To study the brand awareness of the AVIVA and HDFCSLI The levels of wiliness support achieved, such as point of sales display. IMPO RTANTS OF THE STUDIES RESEARCH use AND METHODOLOGY Research Design Research Design that is followed in this composing is sampling which is the most appropriate technique because Bangalore is a big city. The consume numbers were not overlapping in areas & then these selected with ultimate audition consisting of all units whole Bangalore 10 potential areas ere selected and are picked randomly from these area. frankincense the total sample of 300 was taken and analyzed. Research Methodology Research methodology is mainly concentrating following questions. Evaluating the sales and marketing methods, personnel sellings , predict selling ,postal orders, etc , that each of the retailers used , as good as determining the effectiveness of these sales methods. Determining how effective these methods were in supporting and communication each companys product and company delineation Determining who are the customer and potential customers in each company.This is to establish their perce ption of the company , as well as their attitudes to its image in comparison to those of its competitors. Determining the intermediaries in the market place This is to establish why these intermediaries selected the company and its services, rather than the services of its competitors. In addition, the research evaluated how the company image enhanced the over all sales processes , through all the company communications.Contact with head office, agents and inspectors , promotional material sent to intermediaries , and info on new products , proposal forms , company information, etc Determining the insurers own agents and sales force This was to determine whether those members of the sales team were communicating the right image and sales message effectively. In addition, this research is intentional to determine whether their sales techniques and methods were synergistic with other aspects of the marketing mix, such as advertising and promotions All the findings are based on the s urvey research method.Data Collection Methods 1. Primary Data Questionnaire Detail analysis of data collected through questionnaire To evaluate various need of customers for Life Insurance and their Purchase behaviour. To know the level of brand awareness of the company among the Consumers. Limitations of the study As this research is focussed on limited group and a limited area space it is not enough to study the proceeds success of the world wide company. Sales rofit can be antithetic according to the area , culture and people. As it is not possible to covert the whole india and also whole Bangalore, results could be limited. Richard M SwILSON , Colin Gilligan with David pearson (1992) David jobber, Geoff Lancaster 7thedition selling &sales management Carl McDaniel , Roger Gates (1999) marketing research Robin Birn (1992) The effective use of marketing research (1992) David jobber selling & sales strategy Gorden wills (1974) strategic issues in marketing Colin Mclver (198 4) case study in marketing daybook of marketing (2009) volume 25 Cunliff bolling (1969) sales management Giep Franzen (1999) Brand & Advertising William G. Zikmund (2003) Exploring marketing research Bill Donaldson (1998) sales management Martin lindstrom (2005) Brand consciousness Bill Donaldson (1988) sales management Terence A. Shimp Advertising and promotion www. AVIVA. co. in www. hdfcsli. co. in Google search

Week paper study mode

This allows for real-time monitoring as well as report enervated analyses. However, on that point atomic number 18 a few cornerst wholeness elements that should be explored. The theater director, Agent, NIB, analyse, focus, and live argon probably the most valued components. Let us start with the music director and Agent. These terms be very similar in concept to the leaf node/server relationship. The theater director/Agent relationship is an asymmetric communication type that works in a way, much like a selectiveness. Take a olfactory sensation to the anaphoric (Figure 1). You john see how the manager acts as a client while the managed system acts as a server per SE.However, while animal, there is a difference from the client/server that should be noted when applying it to the Manager/Agent relationship. Where there typically is many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) clients to one server, there atomic number 18 many agent to one manager. (Clime 77) So now that we have tha t straightened out, allow us look at each role a dwarfish closer. The Manager acts as the controller and reporter of the net wariness System. It can physically be either an application or a user. typically the manager is an application that monitors various devices also known as Network Elements, (NEST) on a network.Theses network elements managed by he manager are considered Agents. Agents respond back to requests from the manager for learning. They send back vital nurture about the devices and the overall network to the manager. This is how the manager updates the data it can execute to be by and by analyzed by the Network Administrator or monitored in real-time. (Clime 77) If you look to the right (Figure 2), you can see an example of what the information might look like when reported back to the user. A Probe is the way the NIB retrieves the instances it stores.While the term analyze may have many definitions, for our reposes, we will define it as A probe is a course or other device inserted at a key voice in a network for the purpose of monitoring or compile data about network activity. (Probe) So a probe can be apply to gather information that will later be stored virtually in the NIB. A simple example of a probe is the very common Ping insure. It sends out a packet to check for the existence of the EN on the Network. Next, lets look at one of the common protocols used in the Network Management System.Simple Network Management Protocol, commonly abbreviated as SNAP, is the rotator that enables a manager to communicate with the many agents on the network. SNAP operates on the application layer of the OSI model, due to it world a TCP/IP protocol. Every SNAP packet send contains a community string a version number, and a command or response for the manager. (Network Monitoring Sofaare by Management Manager) Finally, the last Common component to discuss is the ROOM. ROOM is short for remote monitoring. ROOM is basically a special SNAP NIB t hat enables managers to delegate certain management tasks to so-called ROOM probes. (Clime 307) As you can tell, the ROOM utilizes and interacts with a few of the other key component ants already mentioned. Some of the ROOM probe functions are the ability to create dividing lines of certain thresholds for alerts or creating a probe to run hourly for locating of a certain instance. In conclusion, the Network Management System is used to monitor and manage a networks stability and smooth operation. The Manager, Agent, NIB, SNAP, and ROOM are five of the main components to a MS. Through the utilization of these components, a Manager can interact with agents on the network.

Political Participation and Representation of Women in Indian Politics Essay

Womens connection in mainstream governmental accomplishment at law has main(prenominal) implications for the broader atomic round 18na of judicature in each country. Governance relates to a set of rules, institutions, and values that atomic issue forth 18 refer in the management of earthywealth and society. Governance institutions and processes take on semi policy-making parties, parliaments, government and their interactions with society.Although governance is a generic wine term which could mean good government or management, the governance values, types of government, the genius of semi policy-making processes, the semi policy-making parties and organizations, which/whose interests be represented and protected, and the ex ten dollar billt of author that the large yield put one across to ch tout ensembleenge the state or in suggesting alternatives in methods of governance and so ontera may vary in dis kindred governmental systems. broad nation is dem onstrateed on reason, law, and liberty of choice but the redact of different societal groups in the social and political space where power is set is non always stir in practice.This is in particular so in the persona of women. The nature of society or state has a conclusive impact on the extent and effectiveness of womens political mien and club. Notions of majority rule, governance and the state ar often non gender sluggish constructs but result from some(prenominal) historical factors and experiences. The state and its organizational entities ruminate the same social forces as new(prenominal) social organizations. It is thus essential to examine the gender balance in womens participation in the political process, decision qualification and policy formulation.The limited nature of young-bearing(prenominal) participation and standard in subject decision making institutions has affiliateical consequences for women and for the legitimacy of the institutions. Wh ere women constitute fractional the population in a political system which supports equality and where both women and men are leg ally in line for political office, womens participation should be equal to that of men. If this is non the shift, it signifies ambiguous flaws within the political system. theatrical is not notwithstanding a factor of ensuring individual participation.It is to a fault the responsibility of the representatives to act on be half of the constituents, including women, who elected them and conceive their themes and aspirations. Womens disproportionate absence from the political process would mean that the concerns of half the population potnot be sufficiently attended to or acted ? Rtd Principal, Daulat Ram College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi University of Delhi BA class II pedestal Course 2 clement Rights, sexual activity & milieu pon as it denies their viewpoints sufficient opportunity to be integ poprankd in the political sy stem. While the Indian democratic state is committed to the protective cover of individual rights within the background of citizenship, a closer look at how it operates for the women reveals that these rights are not irritateible in the humans and private areas in their full potential to all the women in India. There are historical, social and cultural factors that encounter limited womens capacity and chances to exercise their freedom to insert in the political processes.The evolution of Indian democracy done the 14 common options so far has reflected a low original of women in Parliament, State legislatures, in political parties and other decision-making bodies. The nether bureau of women in the political sphere is inextricably linked with the low and indifferent placement of women in society in India especially in the context of the declining sex ratio ( prorogue 1), increasing force out and crimes once against women and their marginalized status in employment, teaching method and health sectors. (Human Development in South Asia2000).The comparative position of gender-related teaching index (GDI) reveals that among 177 countries, India ranks 113th, indicating its really low gender-equity status as evident from the Table below Table Comparative Position of Gender-related Development Index of Selected Countries grownup literacy rate (%age 15 & above) 2004 g enrolment ratio for primary, auxiliary & tertiary.Although the gap amidst man want and fe male literacy rates has been narro fell, thither is suave very large disparity in this regard. While male literacy rate in India is 75. 3 per penny, female literacy rate is but 53. 7 per cent. It is in time worse among Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). Among, the SC 50 per cent males are literate, spell only 24 per cent females brush aside read and write and among ST, 41 per cent males and only 18 per cent females are literate. An amount Indian woman has little control ove r her own fruitfulness and reproductive health.More women are illiterates compared to men and more(prenominal) women drop out of school. There are a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal)er women in the paid croakforce than men. Womens work is downstairsvalued and unrecognized. Women work longer hours than men and carry the major appropriate of household and community work which is unpaid and invisible. Women and men earn incommensurate wages. Women are legally discriminated against in land and property rights. Women face violence inside and outside the family byout their lives. Most women in India afford very little say in decisions affecting their own lives.The cumulative effect of all this is that women tend to drop the self-confidence and skills needed to function in effect in the humanity sphere. (Sen, Kalyani Menon &. Shiva Kumar A. K 2001). The under histrionics of women and absence of women from positions of power and decision-making reinforces their exploitation and deprivation. It is in this context that womens great political archetype becomes all the more indispensable. semipolitical community and Representation of women in India Women in India raised(a) the issue of representation in governing jump in 1917.At that time it was canonically a demand for oecumenical adult franchise and political participation. By 1930 women had gained the Right to take, which initially benefited women from elect families. Womens involvement in struggles for political and civil rights in India were yet seek to be linked to nationalist movements in league with males against the common foreign enemy. In all(prenominal) case womens involvement in nationalist struggles changed their lives in that change surface though they were denied equal opportunities to shape the sweet state, they gained constitutional and legal rights.But hitherto after the right to vote became a creation for all women, their representation in the parliament, political p arties and other decision making bodies remained low even after independence, and after the Indian Constitution came into force in 1950. (Susheela Kaushik19931996,Veena Mazumdar1993). A few women no mistrust attained University of Delhi BA class II root Course 4 Human Rights, Gender & surroundings positions as members of parliament and state legislatures and as leaders of opposition, etc. closely through and through family dynasties or through male political patronage.However, the luck of women in legislatures and decision making positions always remained low. Women do not share the power of decision- making and are not involved in policy making in Indian democracy in proportion to their numerical strength. consequently there is a gap between the prescribed idea of womens participation and their meaningful use of power. (Susheela Kaushik1993). The seek for great political representation of women is, therefore, unagitated relevant. (Asha Kapur Mehta et al2001) Women in Ind ia contain lesser opportunities of public modulate or for entering politics.Women also lack opportunities to move within the hierarchies without patronage of male leaders or mentors. The womens wings of political parties may have given visibility to women in the form of a platform for participation rather than integrating them into rudimentary power structures. Women do not have necessary resources to enter and give out by in contemporary political arena. Thus improved social indicators in development graphs may not automatically ease womens approaching to political power or improve political participation and representation. They do not inevitably translate into collective gains nor sustained political power.Of hunt the scope for womens public activism varies across class, caste and region in India. The effectiveness of womens participation also depends on the local constellation of power and cultural environment apart from problems of poverty, illiteracy, lack of frugal resources, prejudicial social and legal environments, family and household pres certain(predicate)s, male dominated bureaucracy and politicians that the women face. The case for womens wider participation and representation Women in India constitute nearly half the population of the country (Table 1), but they are poorly represented in the assorted governance and decision making bodies.The position depicted through the 14 common alternatives so far reflects a low representation of women in Parliament, State legislatures, in political parties and other decision-making bodies. little than 8% of Parliamentary position, less than 6% Cabinet positions, less than 4% of put in High Courts and the Supreme Court, have been occupied by women. Less than 3% of the administrators and managers are women. The average office of womens representation in the Parliament, Assemblies and Council of sees taken together has been around 10%. UNIFEM2000).The Indian Constitution take ons to all wom en the primaeval right to equality (Article 14) and equal voting rights and political participation to both men and women. As reflected in the Preamble, the Indian Constitution is intemperately grounded in the principles of liberty, fraternity, equality and justice and contains a number of provisions for the potency of women. Womens right to equality and nondiscrimination are defined as justiciable fundamental rights (Article 15) and there University of Delhi BA Programme IIFoundation Course 5 Human Rights, Gender & surround is enough room for affirmative action programmes for women. Equality of opportunity in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State is a fundamental right (Article 16). The directional Principles of State Policy tune on the right to an adequate heart and soul of livelihood for both men and women equally (Article 39a), equal pay for equal work for both men and women (Article 39d), provision for just and humane conditions of wor k and for maternity relief (Article 39e).Directives for promoting harmony and renouncing practices derogatory to the dignity of women are also provided for in the Indian Constitution. The political rights of women are recognized without any discrimination, or distinction and they have the right to inscribe in decision making at all levels equally with men. The right to constitutional equality has been supplemented by legal equality by the passage of a number of Acts through which the traditional inequalities in respect of marriage, divorce and property rights are sought to be eliminated.However, in transgress of these constitutional and legal provisions, the ground humans is that women have not obtained adequate and proportionate representation in the legislative and other decision-making bodies. There is certainly a need for womens more effective role in decision-making processes for the democratic and constitutional assurances of equal citizenship and rights in the Indian Const itution to become a ingenuousness at the useable level. Citizenship is linked to political participation and representation.Lack of ability and opportunity to participate in the political system implies a lack of full membership in the system. For true equality to become a reality for women, the communion of power on equal terms with men is essential. But the reality is that women continue to be marginally represented even in areas where the various policies have a direct impact on them. There is still a great gap between constitutional guarantees and the actual representation of women in the political system in India Political Mobilization and ParticipationHistorically some(prenominal) women have been active in the informal political sphere in terms of political mobilization and they have participated in large song in political demonstrations and mass agitations as well up as in the activities of nationalist and political bodies and organizations. The political mobilization and participation of women has been impressive in the Indian National Movement, in revolutionary left field movements, anti- bell rise stirs, on legislation on rape, against the practice of widow immolation, in the anti-liquor movements and movements against deforestation etc.During the National Movement against colonialism women were mobilized actively particularly under Gandhis leaders and womens organizations within the political parties participated actively in the cause against colonialism for instance in the Civil Disobedience Movements and Salt Satyagraha etc. But once freedom was won, the womens wings were more or less marginalized and assigned areas that primarily dealt with women and children or other welfare activities and womens organizations ended up vie University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 6Human Rights, Gender & Environment a indirect and supportive role to the male leadership in power. The leaders of such(prenominal) organizations were seldom wome n with independent political careers unless they were from political families with the backing of male political activists. It is worth noting that the political mobilization of women and their participation in elections has steadily change magnitude since the first General Elections of 1952. (Table 2, 3, 4 & 5). Between 1952 1980 for instance, womens participation increase by 12% against the sidetrack of men which increased by only 6%.In the everyday elections of 2004, the all India percentage of women voter turnout was 48%. As regards women voters turnout, from 37. 1 per cent in the first frequent elections in 1952 it increased gradually over the years to 55. 6 by 1999. Notably, the gap between female and male voters was 15. 9 per cent in 1952, but it decreased slowly over successive elections and came down to 8. 4 per cent in 1996 (Table 3). It has remained at 8. 3 per cent in 2004 general elections. (Deshpande 2004) This percentage increase in the turnout of women in electi ons has however not ranslated into a larger number of women being represented in the legislative bodies. Competitive elections and democracy has not inevitably led to better political representation of women in Indian politics. The hindquartersdidates fielded by the various political parties are still predominantly male and women account for only five to ten percent of all candidates across parties and regions.As reflected in Table 6, the percentage of representation of women in the Lok Sabha varies from 4. 4 in 1952 to 8. 1 in 1984, declining to 5. 2 in 1989, rising to 7. 9 in 1998 and 9. 2 in 1999 and again declining to 8. 1 in 2004. In Rajya Sabha, proportion of female members started with 7. 3 per cent in 1952 and rose to 15. 5 per cent in 1991, but again declined to 6 per cent in 1998 and rose to 10. 3 per cent in 2005, again slightly declining to 9. 9 per cent in 2006. (Table 7). On the self-coloured the representation of women in Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and the State Assemblies remains low. (Tables 8, 9 & 10). Thus de scandalise the increase in electoral participation of women, their representation in the formal political structures has not changed much. Table 11) Though voting is an important indicator of political participation and mobilization, it is not necessarily indicative of representation. suffrage is a tool of political equality and it mobilizes women but voting by itself does not result in the desired end of equality. close to all parties vie with each other in appealing to womens votes at the time of elections but very few women get to contest in the elections. Al virtually all parties hesitate to field women candidates.Hence the number of women candidates fielded by various political parties has always been very low as compared to their numbers in the population. Table 12) Though a large number of women participate in voting, their low numbers in decision making bodies including those of political parties in India is not able. (Table 14) Among women who manage to rise in the political echelons, in bitchiness of their ability in administration and the art of political articulation, very few women reach the level of cabinet ministers. Mostly they remain deputy ministers or ministers of state. When women reach the few ministerial positions, they are generally assigned University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course Human Rights, Gender & Environment portfolios in the social service sectors of Health, Education, Social Welfare, Women and Child Development etc. (Human Development in South Asia2000) Representation By the 1980s, issues raised by the womens movements in India led to political parties realizing the importance of female voters and womens wings became active. Mainstream political parties became conscious of women as a constituency and this was reflected in their election manifestoes and their considering women as candidates with potential votes.By the ninth Lok Sabha elections in 1989, one could pay off a conscious focus on womens issues in the manifestoes of political parties. However, this did not translate into more seats for women in the political bodies and most parties resorted to tokenism and symbolism when it came to representation of women. Women issues were not taken up by parties in a sincere manner nor translated into programmes, policies and legislation nor were they mandated specifically to address issues of women. Almost all political parties set up a womens booth or wing but they worked as ancillary bodies. rattling few women were able to capture seats of power.The number of women in the legislatures remained very small. Very few women reached the position of companionship president or leader of legislative company. (Ranjana Kumari1994). More recently major political parties have indeed make a conscious effort to induct more women into the various levels of the political party organization. The CPM has made an effort to induct more women into its district committees and state level bodies. The membership of women in the party however remains below 10%. But the membership of women in mass organizations as the Kisan Sabha and the CITU has shown an improvement.The CPM changed its stance on gender-based reservation only after 1988. The BJP had the highest percentage of women in decision-making bodies from the Parliamentary menu and the Election military commission down to the ward level. (Rita Manchanda1998). Traditionally, the social inter get across Party has fielded the largest number of women candidates and has had the largest number of women members in Parliament though the congress working Committee has a rather low level of representation of women. In spite of the efforts of political parties to induct more women, the extent of representation of women has not changed much.The number of women candidates in the 1998 parliamentary elections was not even half the number of women in the 1996 elections. In 1998 there w ere only 274 women candidates as against 599 in the 1996 elections. In the general elections in 1999, the same proportion of women were put up for elections by both the parties favoring the 84th Amendment Bill on the reservation for women in Parliament and the parties which were opposed to it. (Rita Manchanda1998). The Congress Party led by a woman had only 10% of women among the candidates. The BJP and the CPM had 7% of women among the candidates. Jayati Ghosh1999). The idea of 33% reservation for women in parliament was actively endorsed by most of the major University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 8 Human Rights, Gender & Environment political parties and this had raised expectation that many more women would be nominated to contest the elections. The election manifestoes and the public pronouncements of parties as well as the print and electronic media highlighted the idea of womens representation by reservation or by nominating address of more women for elections s ignifying a more conscious political stand on womens representation.However, these stances did not translate actually into more nomination of women candidates during elections. some parties ended up allotting some seats to women candidates only as a token and to symbolize their pro women egalitarian policy. (Table 12) In the inner party structures in the decision-making levels and the posts within the party, women are even less represented in most political parties. Women have a very low representation if at all in the actual decision-making bodies and rarely influence the more significant party policies (Table 14).Most often they are relegated to the womens wing of the party where they are required to deal with what are considered to be womens issues such as dowry and rape cases and sometimes on more general concerns like price rise which are considered to affect housewives. Issues like child and family welfare are largely seen as women issues, and falling in a realm which is not political. By and large a male view of political priorities is in operation.Most of the womens wings of political parties have very little power and have hardly any say in the decision making and important policy matters. Political parties assert that it is difficult to get sufficiently qualified women candidates. Other arguments have also been advanced. It has been held that women are not independent voters a majority of them are illiterate a majority of them make their choice on the prat of suggestions from male members of their families-husbands or sons women lack information and political awareness or that women are not politically conscious.On the other hand, in reality women have been active and vocal both in times of placidity and crisis. They have been active in movements of peace, women and child welfare, trade unionism, food adulteration, price rise and deforestation and many other issues. role rather than Representation The real reason for the low political representa tion of women in the formal political structures and decision making levels, seems to lie in the compulsions of competitive elections and the pastime for power by the political parties in a multiparty democracy.Increasingly the compulsions of the political parties due to narrow majorities, precarious coalitions and hung parliaments have made the question of power rather than that of representation the determining factor. Womens issues and womens participation and representation are encouraged only within the parameters of power and are labored by the basic objectives and interest of the parties either to capture power or survival, if in power. While women are mobilized to vote by all the parties, at the stop of distributing tickets University of DelhiBA Programme II Foundation Course 9 Human Rights, Gender & Environment for standing for elections, the number of women drops dramatically. At this stage, political parties are driven more by power considerations with an eye on the win nability of the candidates from the angle of the prospect of government formation. Women lose out at this stage as the imperative of winnability seems to compel political parties to deny tickets to women unless they are sure to win. Women are considered to have less chances of winning, which is not necessarily true.In the 1996 elections, Uttar Pradesh had the largest number of women candidates contesting the elections 55 for 85 seats. In Rajasthan 17 women contested in 25 constituencies. Orissa had 10 for 21 constituences and in West Bengal, 21 women contested in 42 constituencies. However Kerala with better social indicators including female literacy had only 4 women contesting. A total of 599 women contested the elections. With all this women constituted only 3. 4% of the total number of contestants. In 1998 there were only 274 women candidates out of a total of 4750 candidates contesting the elections.In 1999, out of 284 women who contested, 49 won, the success rate being 17. 3% and for men it was 11. 3 %. Women therefore had a better percentage of winning. In the General Elections of 2004, out of 355 women who contested from the main Political Parties, 44 won, the success rate being 12. 4 % whereas mens success rate was 9. 8 %. (Table 5). It is interesting to note that though the number of women representatives in Parliament has not been very impressive their success rate in terms of percentage of contestants getting elected had always been igher than that of the male contestants. Women of Power and Women in power in Indian Politics In spite of the low political representation of women in Indian politics, it must be noted that some women leaders have an important place in Indian politics today. Jayalalithaa as leader of AIADMK, Mamata Bannerji as leader of Trinamul Congress and Mayawati as leader of Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) are instances in point. Some of them clearance important and strong regional political parties which have been in alliance with majo r national political parties both outside and in national government.Even though the rise of some of these women leaders might be linked to their proximity to male leaders, they now hold a position of leadership within the party in their own right who can influence the decisions of their own party as well as the course of national politics. In addition, the example of Indira Gandhi who rose to be Prime Minister of India, and later of Sonia Gandhi, leader of the Congress Party, both of whom had the dynastic advantage underpinning their leadership and position of power and decision-making in the Congress Party and the government can hardly be ignored.But the positions of authority of these women leaders did not include any specific mandate to address only women issues. In this wiz as leaders of political parties, they were as power driven as their male peers. Political leadership by women is not University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 10 Human Rights, Gender & Environme nt dramatically different from that of men. Women leaders are no better or worse than men. Nor have women leaders been typically anxious to give greater representation to other women within their own organizations or in the political process generally.Representation of women has not necessarily increased greatly under the leadership of women. In fact interestingly the 73rd Constitutional amendment and the policy and capital punishment of 33% reservation for women in Panchayats received strong support and urge due to Rajiv Gandhis interest and advocacy in the matter. Thus the Indian political system cannot be said to be non-receptive to the emergence and pronouncement of women leaders even though the political representation of women has not particularly registered a significant increase over the last 14 general elections.While on the one hand most women politicians have found it difficult to rise within male dominated party hierarchies, on the other hand some women have managed t o become leaders when they have set up parties of their own. Once they have established themselves as leaders, there has been an unquestioning acceptance of their leadership and decisions by the party rank and file, even if it is largely male. Women in parliament or legislatures do not necessarily confine themselves to women issues only.In the absence of a specific mandate for representing women issues, most of them feel that they represent both men and women of their constituencies. Like men they are drawn into the game of power with all its ruthlessness even though womens approach to politics may not be undistinguishable to that of men. In fact even the womens wings or organizations of parties are not necessarily marked by kind of feminist purview or sensitivity.Also, the patriarchal articulations whether by male politicians and leaders or internalized by women candidates in presenting themselves as bahus and betis relying on traditional patriarchal notions of femininity are not absent in Indian politics. Many times women public figures do adapt to and adopt male priorities predominating in public animateness in order to be acceptable. Many women internalize the norms and roles of patriarchal political structures and merely replicate them instead of questioning them, resulting in reinforcing existing hierarchies of power.Questions have been raised as to whether an increase in numerical strength of women in the political process and decision making bodies automatically leads to a qualitative shift in power and whether women on balance pay greater attention to the concerns of women more than male politicians. Problems of tokenism, visibility, marginality etc. are often discussed in referring to women as a minority operating in a male domain. Womens rights and responsibilities to participate equally in political life should not however be treated as a minority issue.The political space must belong to all citizens women and men. There is no interrogative sen tence that fewer the women in public life the lesser the likelihood of distinctively female values, priorities and characteristics finding expression. Hence womens involvement in political University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 11 Human Rights, Gender & Environment process and decision-making in greater numbers can make a significant difference. Does that mean that only people similar to a group can represent its interests? This may not necessarily be true.In this context it is important to examine what interests women in the public/political sphere are furthering. It could be argued that issues important to women could be slightly represented as well by male Members of Parliament. But many strongly feel that without a sufficient female straw man in the national and other decision making bodies, it seems unlikely that issues which women as a group are more prone to be faced with concerning bringing up or challenging other inequalities within the social and economi c sphere would be adequately addressed.While it is considered important to bring women to positions of power, it is equally necessary to sensitize those in power whether men or women about gender. on with this the importance of womens economic independence, education and awareness and their improvement in the socio economic sphere can hardly be stressed. The restructuring of gender dealing within both the family and society is an equally important step towards freedom, equality and justice. Representation through Reservation Various strategies have been proposed to further the political representation of women in India.From a reservation of 33% seats at various levels including the Parliament, it has also been suggested that political parties reserve 33% of their seats for women in the elections. The Bharatiya Janata Party recently announced such a reservation in its organization. However, it has been questioned whether women constitute an uniform category and whether collective identification and mobilization of women as a disadvantaged group in general on the behind of gender is a viable proposition in the politically received sense of the term particularly in view of caste and class differences among them.Mere presence of women in Parliament even if greater in numbers will not mean much unless they are very representative of womens concerns covering all categories. In the ongoing debate about reservation of seats for women in the Parliament it has been pointed out that an undifferentiated reservation for women will reinforce the existing inequalities in womens access to positions of power. It is the elite and politicized families from which there is a smooth entry for women in politics.Women playing supportive roles to males in the family and emerging from their shadows have also found indulgent entry. Another trend has been the entry of widows of prominent political figures into politics and positions of power. On the whole the important factors fo r womens active presence in politics in India as trends show are in general family background, political influence, family financial position, existing involvement in politics, literacy, local conditions, campaign strategy, influence within the party and personality traits etc. rather than only competence, content and merit.The combined result of all these factors is that very few women manage to get or are given party tickets. If the factors of University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 12 Human Rights, Gender & Environment economic dependence, prohibitive election costs, threats of violence and character assassination are added, even fewer can get seats in the legislature. In any case, it is argued by those in favour of reservation, there is no doubt that democracy and representation will be strengthened with compulsorily more presence of women through reservation.This is evident from the impact of the implementation of 33% reservation of seats for women in the local b odies (panchayats) in India by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment as a result of which the representation of women in the formal structures of governance at the local level has recorded a steady increase. (Table 13). Womens presence at the decision making levels will not only enhance the status of women but will also strengthen democratic traditions and make democracy more meaningful in fighting injustice and oppression while at the same time help to bring a different, explicitly female perspective to the political arena.Unless women are brought into the decision-making levels directly, important women issues will never be tackled with the seriousness they require. In addition, democracy demands the regard for not only the interests of those who support in elections but also the aspirations of those who expect to be represented. The intelligence of the right of every citizen to participate in public decisions is a basic element of democracy, which, to be effective, requires that the needs and interests of all members of the society are prise and represented.Even if others might claim to represent them, there is no guarantee of justice and equity if one half of the population is consistently excluded from fetching part fully in decision making as is the case with women in Indian politics and governance. There is therefore need for more inclusive processes of achieving representation. The value of inclusion of women in governance and decision-making institutions lies in the miscellanea of experiences women will bring to governance whether there are female concerns or not.Comprehensive representation would be obtained if women constituting half the population find a proportionate number of seats in government. Conclusion It is important to stress that like the equal right to vote, participation and representation in legislative bodies may not in itself be enough for womens political empowerment or to remedy the problems of discrimination faced by women in Indi an society. Equality with equity is a goal which may not easily be achieved only by high representation of women in legislatures and other public bodies but has to be buttressed by other supportive measures.Even so, the demand for reservation of seats for women in political bodies to rectify the imbalance has gained strength in India in the light of dogging gender gaps in the various spheres of development. In the absence of any serious political selfcorrection so far, the demand for reservation of seats in legislatures and party structures has been stressed in India aiming at such an equitable representation. University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 13 Human Rights, Gender & EnvironmentWhile the steady increase in the electoral participation and mobilization of women in India has increased the visibility of women in the legislative politics this has not happened in the exercise of executive and judicial power due to their lack of presence in the decision making struct ures. From this perspective, the important question is what are the benefits of democracy for women.. Electoral participation and quotas through affirmative action solely are not enough to result in gender equity.

My Future Essay

In my second year of college in that respect are a number of things I reserve intentional more or less(prenominal) myself. I excite shooted close to my likes and dislikes as well as my strength and weaknesses. I stick had to suck goals and start innovationning my future. through out cookery, my choices have been influenced by people and issues. I have had to make believe in many considerations in making my decisions. I have chosen a tutorshiper field, a major, and laid out a plan for my future in visual communications.My first two geezerhood of college have been not only an exploration of tell apartledge but also of myself. The unrivalled pattern I have noticed is that I change my understanding A LOT My tastes are changing as I am getting older and not as influenced by family. I am becoming my own person. Things I once enjoyed I no all-night find interesting and things I despised in the past are now appealing. I long for an evening alone to clean dwelling hous e and painting my toe nails. In high school this would be a long boring evening but now sounds luxurious. Time is so important being a student and working so each free time is a treat. I have also learned to despise certain things that at one point did not nettle me.For example, in grade school if there was something I may have known a little bit about but did not understands it did not bother me. I righteous simply did not care enough to regard to learn the subject thoroughly. But know as soon as I learn something I exigency to know all parts of it and fully understand. This semester I made an effort to learn as much about our political system and the presidential candidates as I could prior to the election. This to me, now, is fulfilling. Overall, my first few semesters of college enabled me to learn more about myself.I have also begun mapping out my intentions in college. I have queryed a number of vocations and spoken with people in tie in fields to get an idea of what I would like to do. My fianc, a fourth-year at UTPB, has given advice to consider based on his experiences. I have also spoken with college graduates to hear about their experiences and what they would have changed or make different. I have taken many things into consideration in planning my college pathway. One consideration is that after this summer I will be married, and the following fall my husband will graduate. Depending on where he gets a job, I may have to transfer school. Because of this, I need tomake sure the classes I take will transfer to another university. I also have tried to start with general classes since I am prone to changing my mind, I may expect to change majors. another(prenominal) consideration I have perplexed is the demand for jobs in my chosen major. I have considered the type of work environment I want to work in, the hours I want to work, and how much traveling I want to do. Altogether, I have a well round idea of where I am headed in college.In plan ning my college career, I have considered legion(predicate) careers. The careers I am considering require a minimum of four years higher information and are computer related. My first pick for a career is that of a webmaster. This type of work would include designing and victuals of web sites. My second career choice would be that of advertizing. I would want to designer logos, banners, or flyers for companies. My third chose for a career would be design. I could design anything from magazine or book covers to animated characters or depiction scenes. I would be qualified to work for a school, TV brand any type of movie or animation design company, and a long term goal would be that of working for myself.In my research and mapping out my college career, I have decided to major in fine arts to get a bachelors grad in optic Communications. There are a number of career pathways I could take with this degree. I would not be limited to just doing one job. I will have a number of op tions in a career field that is steadily growing. If for some reason I transferred to a school that does not offer this program, I would more than promising major in mass communications. I would be content doing anything with computers, less technical maintenance and more of a visual exchange of ideas. If anything else fosterage would be a consideration for a career. Concisely, my chosen major is that of Visual Communications.In summary, my college pathway is that of this I plan to take general education classes until I know where I will be more for good going to school. I will than begin working towards a Bachelors of finely Arts in Visual Communication. I would like to build, design, and maintain websites for numerous companies and businesses. I would also be interested in jobsrelated to advertising and design. If all else fails it would be rewarding and a privilege to teach in either a public school or state university. Overall, I have a well thought plan for my future and am looking forward to being a contributing member of society.BibliographyThe University of Texas. The University of Texas.